Physical and biological controls on fine sediment transport and storage in rivers

Excess fine sediment, comprising particles <2 mm in diameter, is a major cause of ecological degradation in rivers. The erosion of fine sediment from terrestrial or aquatic sources, its delivery to the river, and its storage and transport in the fluvial environment are controlled by a complex interplay of physical, biological and anthropogenic factors. Whilst the physical controls exerted on fine sediment dynamics are relatively well-documented, the role of biological processes and their interactions with hydraulic and physico-chemical phenomena has been largely overlooked. The activities of biota, from primary producers to predators, exert strong controls on fine sediment deposition, infiltration and resuspension. For example, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) associated with biofilms increase deposition and decrease resuspension. In lower energy rivers, aquatic macrophyte growth and senescence are intimately linked to sediment retention and loss, whereas riparian trees are dominant ecosystem engineers in high energy systems. Fish and invertebrates also have profound effects on fine sediment dynamics through activities that drive both particle deposition and erosion depending on species composition and abiotic conditions. The functional traits of species present will determine not only these biotic effects but also the responses of river ecosystems to excess fine sediment. We discuss which traits are involved and put them into context with spatial processes that occur throughout the river network. Whilst strides towards better understanding of the impacts of excess fine sediment have been made, further progress to identify the most effective management approaches is urgently required through close communication between authorities and scientists

Negative effects of parasite exposure and variable thermal stress on brown trout (Salmo trutta) under future climatic and hydropower production scenarios

Future water temperature changes may have a profound impact on fish-parasite interactions. However, while the effect of temperature on fish, and particularly salmonids, is well-understood, its combined effects with parasitic exposure are not. Here, we use a multi-stage experimental approach to explore the impact of increased water temperatures consistent with persistent climate change-induced warming and extreme thermal fluctuations from hydropower (thermopeaking) on brown trout alevins and fry before and during exposure to Saprolegnia parasitica. Parasite exposure had the strongest and most significant effect on survival of both host life stages. The combination of parasite exposure, thermal pre-conditioning and the ongoing thermal regime had a weak but significant influence on alevin mortality. Both parasite-exposed alevin and fry experienced increased mortality when a constant increase in temperature was combined with intermittent thermal increases. The outcomes of this experimental approach provide the basis for future studies scaling up the potential impacts of temperatures and parasite exposure that key fish species may face in the wild. They also highlight the effects of anthropogenic changes on brown trout populations, as pressures on aquatic organisms are likely to intensify in future climate scenarios with increased hydropower development and thermopeaking, particularly in the presence of pathogens

Early careers on ecohydraulics:Challenges, opportunities and future directions

Early career researchers (ECRs) play a critical role in our knowledge-based society, yet they are the most vulnerable group in the scientific community. As a young, interdisciplinary science, ecohydraulics is particularly reliant on ECRs for future progress. In 2014, the Early Careers on Ecohydraulics Network (ECoENet) was created to help the development of young researchers in this field. In this paper, we synthesize the outcomes of a workshop for ECRs organized by ECoENet in February 2016. We aim to show how the potential of ECRs can be maximized to drive progress in ecohydraulics. According to the most recent entrants to the field, major challenges lie in becoming more integrated as a discipline, developing a common vocabulary and a collective vision, engaging effectively with policy-makers, and encouraging public participation. ECRs need to develop their careers on an international scale in a way that crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries, including the social sciences, and allows them time to work at fundamental levels rather than focusing solely on individual applications. We propose a strategy to facilitate this by providing: a platform for disseminating research; an international support network; and a set of services for enhancing ECR training and experience. Early career researchers; interdisciplinary science; ecohydraulics; society; ecology; hydraulicsacceptedVersio

Modelling of environmental flow options for optimal Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,embryo survival during hydropeaking

Recent findings on the causes of Atlantic salmon embryo mortality during winter in a hydropeaking river suggest that long duration drawdowns during very cold periods are the most likely cause of mortality in the ramping zone. This paper presents a framework in which thresholds for optimal embryo survival at the microscale are linked to physical habitat requirements at the mesoscale and integrated into alternative hydropower operations at the catchment scale. The connections within this framework are derived from a one-dimensional hydraulic model at the mesoscale and a hydropower simulation programme at the catchment scale. The economic costs and feasibility of several alternative options for hydropeaking operation that would comply with ecological requirements for optimal survival of embryos were evaluated. A method to assess a wide range of alternative hydropower options that considers key factors to mitigate the conflicting requirements of ecological targets, technical feasibility and economics is presented. Targeted alternative environmental flow releases to meet specific ecological objectives are often more effective than general operational rules to comply with legislation. The development of well-informed and targeted mitigation strategies is important for future environmental hydropower management

Performance of a one-dimensional hydraulic model for the calculation of stranding areas in hydropeaking rivers

Fish stranding is a critical issue in rivers with peaking operations. The ability to accurately predict potential stranding areas can become a decisive factor to assess environmental impacts and to plan mitigation measures. The presented work shows that common procedures suggested in the literature in the use of one-dimensional (1D) models for flood zone mapping are not always applicable to compute stranding areas. Specific and easy-to-understand guidance needs to be given for smaller-scale issues. We provide specific guidelines to accurately predict potential stranding areas in a cost-effective manner. By analysing four different river morphologies in detail in a peaking river, we find that the optimal geometry effort (number of cross sections) does not necessarily coincide with the maximum and it varies between channel types according to river physical characteristics such as sinuosity and channel complexity. The use of a 1D model can provide good estimates with an optimal geometry layout

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) and Optical Imagery Reveals Multi-Spatial Scale Controls of Cold-Water Areas Over a Groundwater-Dominated Riverscape

The forecast of warmer weather, and reduced precipitation and streamflow under climate change makes freshwater biota particularly vulnerable to being exposed to temperature extremes. Given the importance of temperature to regulate vital physiological processes, the availability of discrete cold-water patches (CWPs) in rivers to act as potential thermal refugia is critical to support freshwater ecosystem function. Being able to predict their spatial distribution at riverscape scales is the first step to understanding the capacity to maintain thermal refuges and to inform future river management strategies. Novel Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) imagery technologies provide an opportunity to assess riverscape stream temperature. On the example of a 50 km linear length of the groundwater-dominated Upper Ovens River (Australia), this study presents a methodology addressing critical challenges in UAV-based TIR and optical data acquisition, processing, and interpretation. Our methodological approach generated 49 georeferenced high-resolution TIR and optical orthomosaicked imagery sets. The imagery sets allowed us to identify river-length longitudinal patterns of temperature and to detect, characterize, and classify 260 CWPs. Both stream and CWPs temperatures increased but presented considerable variability with downstream distance. CWPs were non-uniformly distributed along the riverscape, with emergent hyporheic water types dominating, followed by deep pools, shading, side channels, and tributaries. We found associations between CWPs and key physical controls including land use, riparian vegetation, longitudinal and lateral CWP location, and CWP area size, illustrating processes acting at multiple spatial scales. This study provides a basis for future works on the thermal associations with physical controls over a riverscape, and it highlights the major challenges and limitations of the use of UAV-based TIR and optical imagery to be used in future applications. In conjunction with studies of thermally linked ecological processes, the predictions of CWPs can help prioritize river restoration measures as effective climate adaptation tools

Survival of eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a drawdown zone of a regulated river influenced by groundwater

Groundwater may create refuges for Atlantic salmon egg survival during low flows in regulated rivers and thus play an important role for survival during winter. To investigate the links between the survival of salmon embryos and hyporheic hydrological processes during permanent winter drawdown, a 100-m-long and 50-m-wide gravel area in a regulated river, the River Suldalslågen, was used for an experimental study. Surface and subsurface water levels were monitored with 2-min time resolution by means of water pressure sensors placed in pipes. Temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were also measured. Eight cylindrical boxes, each with two compartments (at 10- and 30-cm depth, respectively) containing 50 Atlantic salmon eggs, were placed in the river bed substrate of both the drawdown zone and the permanently wetted area as a reference. They were regularly checked for survival during winter from January to May, coinciding with egg development period for this river. Survival rates in boxes in the dewatered river bed were between 8 and 78% during winter, compared to 80 to 99% in the reference wetted area. The main driver for egg survival in the dewatered area was groundwater with sufficient oxygen levels